Result of participating in school sports on academics an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

The effects of participating in school sports on academics A student's involvement in extra-curricular activities such as athletics sports has long been subjected to an argument. This is because of the reported effects of participating in sports activities in school in the students academic performance or educational process. Its critics noted that sports activities consume the students' energy and time, disrupting their study habits and sacrificing their academics as a result. On the other hand, supporters of sport activities defend that involvement in sports promotes not only the physical aspect but also the over-all personalities and academic achievement of the students. This argument shows that athletics participation in school weighs more on its positive than its negative effects as far as the students' academic performance. Nevertheless, whether athletics participation advantageously or disadvantageously affects academics is a matter of choice for the student. Those who participate in school sports have justified and proven their abili ty to excel in their field. Therefore, students who prefer to engage in school sports such as athletics have all the right to pursue this as long as his or her academic performance is not sacrificed. Need essay sample on "The effects of participating in school sports on academics" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Athletics Participation Improved Students' Academic Performance Numerous studies have shown that the involvement in school sports particularly the athletics actually improved the academic performances of students in their respective schools. The one-year and four-year researches were conducted by the American Sports Institute (ASI) through the program PASS or Promoting Achievement in School through Sports which ASI created. The program involves a daily, year-long, credit-bearing physical education elective for student athletes who did not perform and maximize their potential in academics (Promoting Achievement in School through Sports 2). The PASS program were implemented in McAteer High School from1990 to 1991 that involved a total of 18 students and at several California high schools from 1991 to 1995 that involved all PASS students that were grouped according to their respective genders, grade levels and ethnicities (Promoting Achievement in School through Sports 2). The studies were based on the rationale of giving meaning to the important da ily challenges of school subjects that are coupled with their athletics participations. Using the theory that the same principles and skills required in sports in order to succeed is the same as those required to succeed in academics, ASIs president at that time, Joel Kirsch, taught the PASS students the eight Fundamentals of Athletic Mastery (FAMs): concentration, balance, relaxation, power, rhythm, flexibility, attitude, and instinct (Promoting Achievement in School through Sports 2). Upon the recommendation of a teacher, counselor, or the athletic director, students were admitted into the program. During the duration of the program, the participants results were analyzed considering the following variables: sex, ethnic group, number, and type of sports. ASI also identified a control group with the same characteristics with respect to the said variables. Then, the grades of the PASS students and control group were gathered, compared, and analyzed. The results of the research affirm that in both the initial and the four-year studies, students' athletics participation resulted in positive effects on their academic performances. The two studies also corroborated the notion of PASS that the need to improve the school performance of physically-oriented students necessitates increasing the emphasis on their corresponding field of studies or their respective subjects in school as well as more encouragement on their practice of athletics (Promoting Achievement in School through Sports 1 Promoting Achievement in School through Sports 2). Another study made by Fleenor supported the above positive effect of participating in sports in the academic performance of student-athletes. The research involved twenty male and twenty female students in the fourth to eleventh grade at a rural, isolated and low-income high school (Fleenor 21). They were divided into control and experimental group, with the former not involved in sports, while the latter participated in school sports such as baseball, basketball, cheerleader, football, golf, softball, or tennis (Fleenor 22). Both groups were each composed of ten male and 10 female students (Fleenor 22). The California Tests of Basic Skills or CTBS test percentiles of all the participants, which correspond to their academic standing, were identified. The scores of the students in the non-athlete group and in the athlete group were compared. Fleenor discussed the results of her research and disclosed that athletic programs have no negative effect to students from fourth to eleventh graders. The said study also reported that athletic programs positively impacted all the subjects in the same manner. This is because their studies were not hampered as their involvement in sports did not decrease their academic grades (Fleenor 48-50). Din, on the other hand, presented another perspective and said that the consistent benefits of involvement in school sports are affected when the student is occupied with a lot of sports-related extracurricular activities. Din found various studies which show that participation in several school sports tends to decrease its positive effects to the studies of the students (Din 1-4). Despite this scenario, Din nonetheless conducted a study involving 225 student-athletes from five high schools in four different rural districts (Din 5). The participants were involved in a variety of sports such as basketball, volleyball, football, baseball, track, and cheerleading. To determine whether high involvement in sports decreases the academic achievement of the selected student-athletes, their grades before and after the sport season period were collected and compared. Result of the study indicated that the students' participations in school sports do not negatively impact their studies. This is because there are no important differences between their previous and post-season grades. This implies that the students were consistent with their school performances (Din 9). Conclusion Participation in school sports such as athletics has several advantages. Its positive effects to students' performance in school are determined from its manifestation of improved physical abilities that in effect cause an over-all improvement of the student. Its advocates stressed that students' good standing in school or academic excellence is achieved when the physical attributes of the students, caused by his or her active involvement in sports-related extracurricular activities such as athletics, are at its peak. This is because of the cause and effect view that being physically fit actually means a sound and an effective mind. The above studies proved that students' participation in sports also drives them more to be good or even excel at their respective studies. This is for the reason that not only they become physically fit when engaged in athletics but it also maintained their good intellectual standings. Works Cited Din, Feng. S. Sport Activities Versus Academic Achievement For Rural High School Students. National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal 19, 3E (2005-2006): 2. Fleenor, Paula. A Study To Determine the Effects of School Athletic Programs on the CTBS Percentiles of Students. 1997. Salem-Teikyo University. 23 April 2008. Accession Number ED 423255.Promoting Achievement in School through Sports. 1991. American Sports Institute. 23 April 2008. Accession Number ED 351330. Promoting Achievement in School through Sports. 1996. American Sports Institute. 23 April 2008. Accession Number ED 401241.

Sentencing For Murder

Sentencing For Murder Introduction Research entails systematic investigation with an aim of establishing facts or collecting specific information. Researchers use varied research methods based on the nature of the research, availability of resources, and time. Research objectives act as the guideline throughout the research. The method of data or information collection used determines the credibility of the study.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sentencing For Murder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For any research to succeed, researchers ought to adhere to research ethics. In a bid to identify the contribution of public opinion in sentencing people found guilty of murder, Mitchell and Roberts carried out a research in England and Wales. This paper aims at critically analysing this research based on its objectives, research methods, and conclusions to determine its credibility. Research Objectives For decades, there has been a suppositio n that people would not accept any other form of sentencing passed against a person charged for murder apart from life imprisonment in England and Wales. Failure to pass this judgment would lead to the public having no trust in their judicial system. This supposition prompted Mitchell and Roberts to carryout a research in a bid to determine the public’s opinion towards the different alternative sentencing that might be passed against people found guilty of murder. During the research, the two aimed at understanding the level of public knowledge with respect to statistics associated to murder like average period the culprit spends in prison and murder trends. In addition, they intended to assess the level of public support for life imprisonment. Furthermore, the two aimed at analysing the link between understanding of the crime and retribution of murder and mind-sets to sentencing criminals indicted of murder. Research methods In a bid to come up with comprehensive conclusions , the pollsters used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. They conducted a survey on the public to determine its opinion towards life imprisonment and identified some focus groups that responded to a number of questions. The quantitative research involved 1,027 participants who went through face-to-face interviews. The interviews took place in the participants’ homes. On the other hand, the qualitative research involved discussions undertaken by the different focus groups. Each group was given a case scenario involving a murder incidence and it was asked to discuss what it felt would be the most appropriate sentence to pass against the perpetrator.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Criticism In spite of the two research methods helping the pollsters in obtaining the public opinion towards life imprisonment, the methods had some flaws. For instance, the issue of life imprisonment is a weighty matter that would require much time to discuss. Nevertheless, the quantitative research required that the respondents take 30 minutes only to respond to a number of questions. This aspect did not give them time to prepare well and think about a question before responding. The face-to-face interviews are prone to biasness. During the interview, the interviewer gives advice to the interviewee thus not giving the interviewee the freedom to make his or her judgments. In this form of research, the interviewer might have had a significant impact on the response given by the participants as he or she tried to advise the interviewee. Due to time constraint and high number of participants involved in the research, the research was vulnerable to counselling where the pollsters made summaries of the responses the participants gave without giving them time to explain themselves. For instance, the pollsters made numerous assumptions during the study. Afte r finding that 50 per cent of the respondents had similar opinions, the pollsters concluded that the fraction of the general population that shared similar opinions fall between 46.9 and 53.1 per cent. This assumption might influence the outcome either positively or negatively affecting the credibility of the findings. Studies have proved that brainstorming does not facilitate in generation of more ideas. In this context, the researcher intended to collect personal opinion about life imprisonment. Hence, every person was required to give his line of thought regarding the issue. Involving the participants in a discussion would greatly influence their opinions. Some of the participants would influence others thus tending to fall on the side that has massive support and not giving their opinion. In other words, inclusion of discussion in the research would lead to some of the participants thus not sharing their ideas in fear that they might differ with others. Conclusions made from the study From the study, the pollsters came up with numerous conclusions. Firstly, they intended to identify if the rates of homicides and murders in both England and Wales were going down or increasing. From the findings, they concluded that the rate had substantially gone down. In addition, the researchers compared the murder rate in the two countries with other countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sentencing For Murder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They concluded that the there were no disparities between the murder rate in England and Wales relative to other countries. The researchers realised that the public had limited knowledge about punishment of murder perpetrators. Hence, they tend to have the opinion that courts are in most cases lenient to such offenders. From the response, the researchers concluded that lack of knowledge in murder sentencing leads to the public believing that the offenders spend limited time in prison. The pollsters also concluded that in spite of people calling for life imprisonment when presented with a general case of murder, most of them would prefer natural life sentence when presented with actual cases. The researchers concluded that individuals that found the courts to be lenient were highly punitive. They associated the misperception about murder inclinations with stern recommended sentencing. In general the pollsters concluded that the courts ought not to use public opinion in coming up with their sentences in case of murder. In spite of the proponents of life imprisonment claiming that the sentence is right based on the public support, the pollsters found out that the public is never opposed to other forms of sentencing. Hence, public opinion ought not to be the excuse why judges cling to life imprisonment when it comes to cases involving murder. All the conclusions made tend not to be in line with the opinions given by the respondents. Most of th e participants had no information regarding murder sentencing in England and Wales as well as in other countries. Besides, they had the perception that murder is a serious crime and did not take time to consider the circumstances that might have led to one committing the crime. With this knowledge, it would have been wrong to go with the opinion given by the public without having clear information of the situation on the ground. The conclusions made by the pollsters are justified. In spite of conducting a research and gathering public opinion about life imprisonment, the pollsters went a step further to understand the actual situation in the country as well as the public knowledge about murder.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Using this information together with the available statistics on murder cases, the researchers came up with accurate conclusions, therefore avoiding chances of being biased or buying all the opinions shared by the public. ‘Political’ nature of social research Scholars view social research as political in two perspectives. One of the perspectives entails social research as power. Politics is attributed to power. Hence, a situation where social research entails finding the truth, it may be said to be political. There are arguments that superior interests in the society in most cases influence social research thus making it political. Many people that claim that research may be apolitical claim that all forms of power in the contemporary society are domineering. Hence, they assess research based on its autonomy from the external power or based on the power exhibited by the researchers or the research institutions. There is a claim that research institutions are never auton omous thus making the research political. Researchers do not make independent decisions in the areas to cover in their studies as well as the participants to include in the study. They have to engage in an intense negotiation with various stakeholders. Hence, their activities suffer from external influence thus rendering the research political. The other perspective that makes social research appears political focuses on how value judgments are deduced from a research process. In this case, the political nature of research is distinguished with avers regarding its value freedom or value neutrality. This perspective presents numerous dimensions through which research may be considered political. One of the dimensions is that for any research to be possible, it has to meet various economic, social, and political conditions. Moreover, research may require some resources from the nation. Hence, to extend these resources to a research, it would call for a value choice. The value judgment is in most cases politically influenced leading to the research becoming political. Today, social research is based on intellectual presuppositions. In the past, the social research findings came from conclusions made from indisputable evidence through inescapable logic. Nevertheless, most of the current research findings are based on assumptions, which are in most cases politically motivated. In most cases, the researchers’ claim to knowledge dwells on presuppositions that have not been verified fully. Most of the research findings are not universal thus making the research political. In other words, most of the research findings are contestable, therefore, posing doubt. Mitchell and Roberts’ research is political on the dimension of power exercise. The researchers were not autonomous in their research. To carryout the research, they involved numerous participants whom they had to negotiate with before administering their interviews. They had to comply with various d emands from the participants like time constraints and this element affected their independence in conducting the interviews. Besides, they had to ensure that they include questions that do not infringe into the participant’s freedom and privacy even though such questions would facilitate in understanding the subject matter better. Besides, the influence from the participants, the pollsters also made their conclusions based on the information they gathered from the available statistics, which shows that there was a significant influence from the available information. It implies that the already published information about life imprisonment had significant authority over this research. The existing data influenced some of the research’s deductions. Importance of research ethics There are numerous benefits of conducting a research ethically. One of the aims of research ethics is that it helps in ensuring the security of the participants. At times, a research may involve sensitive information that might lead to the participants facing discrimination from their leaders. In such a case, research ethics would help in protecting such participants. No one would agree to participate in a sensitive research if he or she learns that the research has not put measures to protect their privacy. Besides, the researcher may pretend to protect the participants but later reveal them. Research ethics facilitates in ensuring that researchers honour their part of bargain thus ensuring that the senior employees do not use the information given by the participants against them. The success of any research depends of the level of ethics exercised by the researcher. Failure to observe ethics during the research may lead to one facing embarrassment or being expelled by the research community. In addition, the participants may opt to offer wrong information due to frustrations from the researcher. In such a case, the pollster may end up coming up with wrong information th us misleading the persons intended to use the research’s findings. The credibility of any research depends on the degree of ethics exercised by the researcher. Ethics acts as the first step of establishing a rapport between the researcher and the research participants. If the research participants learn that the researcher is ethical, they tend to trust in him or her thus being ready to share with him or her all the information they have. On the other hand, the participants may refrain from sharing crucial information with the researcher on realising that the researcher is unethical. Research ethics is one of the fundamental requirements in most of the professionals. Failure to observe ethics during a research may lead to the person facing disciplinary actions or being expelled from the research community. Observing research ethics helps the researchers in boosting the credibility of their findings. Consequently, their research is allowed for publication. Most of the research es take time and many resources. Hence, failure to observe research ethics may lead to the research community failing to publish the research. Such a move would lead to the researcher wasting a lot of resources and time. Besides averting the disciplinary action, research ethics facilitates in acquiring financial support for the study from different sponsors. No one would agree to fund a research that is conducted unethically. Hence, to obtain fund, researchers ought to show a high degree of ethics in their undertakings. Ethical issues Numerous ethical issues could emerge from this study. Among the issue include, harm on the participants, ethical ramifications, Privacy concerns, and deception. The research involved direct contact with the participants. Moreover, it entailed a weighty matter that required to be handled with care. Failure to handle the research ethically would lead to the participants suffering psychologically. The study involved collecting information regarding life i mprisonment. Some of the information collected attempted to determine the fairness of the sentencing based on the circumstances under which the perpetrator conducted the crime. If the study were not carried out ethically, both the perpetrators and individuals affected by the crime in one way or the other would end up suffering psychologically. For instance, the study might conclude that a certain circumstance did not require an individual to face life imprisonment. In such an instance, the perpetrator would end up suffering psychologically. On the other hand, if people whose relative was the victim of the crime learnt that the court was lenient in sentencing the perpetrator, they might suffer psychologically or even end up taking the law into their hands. Another privacy issue that might arise from the study regards the privacy of the participants. The issue of life imprisonment is serious and may trigger some anger among the people that have ever been affected by the crime in one w ay or another. In responding to the interview questions, some respondents might end up expressing their frustration by using words that might be of contempt to the court or to other parties. In such a case, the participant might end up facing charges by the mere fact of participating in a research. It is imperative that all the information relied by the participants is made private and accessed only by the relevant people. In a bid to avoid chances of the participants suffering psychologically, it would be imperative to the researchers to avoid coming up with conclusions that might lead to the parties feeling to be short-changed by the court’s judgment. On the other hand, the researchers ought to ensure that every participant is secured against any form of discrimination, which could be achieved by not including the name of the respondent and making sure that only authorised personnel have access to the information given by the participants. Conclusion The objective of Mitche ll and Roberts’ research was to determine the role the public opinion plays in influencing the judgment passed against people found guilty of murder. They intended to do away with the belief that people prefer life imprisonment to other forms of charges against perpetrators of murder. From the research, the two found that most of those that preferred life imprisonment had limited knowledge about the judicial system and did not consider the circumstances that led to one committing the crime. Mitchell and Roberts concluded that there was a need to educate the public about the judicial system. Moreover, they claimed that law enforcers ought to have a clear understanding of the public opinion and not act out of assumptions. Practitioners’ Views on Children’s Welfare in Relocation Disputes Introduction Different countries use different approaches to deal with relocation disputes. While some countries support relocation, others are strongly against it. George carried out a study to compare the relocation laws in England and New Zealand. From his study, he learnt that while England allowed for relocation, New Zealand made it hard for individuals to acquire relocation rights. This article intends to evaluate the research conducted by George. This paper will explain the purpose of conducting a comparative study. It will then describe why George opted to conduct a comparative study in his research. In addition, the paper will explain the difference between ‘presumption of similarity’ and ‘presumption of difference’ and suggest the position of the author. In the end, the paper will evaluate the choice of jurisdictions made by the author and explain the extent on descriptive legal scholarship that the paper embodies. Purpose of comparative legal research Initially, there were two purposes of conducting a comparative legal research. One of the purposes was to use foreign laws in establishing local laws. The other purpose was t o make a comparison between different laws to have a better understanding of the law for the purpose of theoretical or academic comparative jurisprudence. At the beginning of the 21st century, another purpose of conducting a comparative legal research was established. The desire to apply the laws in personal circumstances necessitated the current purpose of conducting comparative legal research. This desire is termed as judicative comparative law. The judicative comparative law is applied mostly in European countries when a judge intends to make a judgment on violations committed in a foreign nation using the laws of the country where the hearings is taking place. At times, an individual may commit a crime in one country and move to another in a bid to avoid an arrest. In such an instance, if the person is identified as a criminal in the foreign country, the law enforcers from the foreign country may arrest and charge the individual. The objective of conducting a comparative legal s tudy would facilitates in establishing the right sentence to pass against such a criminal based on the laws of the country where the crime was committed. Comparative legal research may facilitate in determining the punishment to pass against a criminal. For instance, different countries have different charges against incest. Having knowledge in foreign laws would ensure that an individual who committed incest in a foreign land gets the right sentence based on the law requirements of the land. Law develops through borrowing different ideas from different countries or institutions. The purpose of conducting a comparative legal research is to facilitate in strengthening the laws of a particular nation. A decade ago, Germany did not have a mechanism to deal with liberal crime. She had to borrow the mechanisms from France and Britain. Over the years, Germany has conducted intense comparative legal research and borrowed numerous laws from other countries therefore reinforcing its local la ws. Besides reinforcing the local laws, comparative legal research may facilitate in coming up with a common model code. Countries from the same region may opt to establish common laws to govern the region. In a bid to achieve this goal, they would require conducting a comparative legal research of their different laws and harmonise them to come up with a common law. Different countries have different laws that deal with relocation disputes. While some of the laws support relocation, some are against it while others are neutral. The main reason why George conducted this comparative legal research was to understand the distinction between the existing laws that address relocation disputes in England and New Zealand. While laws in England support relocation, the laws in New Zealand are against it. Hence, to clearly compare the laws in the two countries and understand their distinction, George opted to use law practitioners from the two countries. The research significantly helped Geor ge to understand the legal systems of the two countries. Comparing the relocation laws in the two countries helped him understand the existing legal procedures that facilitate in solving the relocation disputes. Presumption of similarity In most cases, courts face the challenges of dealing with litigations emanating from crimes that took place in foreign lands. At such an instance, courts are required to determine the jurisprudence of the country where the crime took place and not consider the common laws of the countries involved. Considering the jurisprudence of the country where the crime was committed facilitates in ensuring that both the perpetrator and the victim receive fair judgment. When passing judgment against a case committed in a foreign country, judges might make two presumptions. These presumptions are the presumption of similarity and the presumption of differences. The presumption of similarity occurs where the judge makes a judgment against a crime committed in a f oreign land based on local laws. In such an instance, the attorney assumes that the involved countries use similar laws. Hence, by using the local laws, the perpetrator would receive a punishment similar to the one the country where the crime was committed could have awarded. Certain countries are governed by a system of law established from civil laws. Such countries share common laws in almost everything. Hence, if a crime is committed in one country and heard in a different country, the attorney may use the presumption of similarity to make his or her judgment. Presumption of difference At the centre of all conflict theories lies the conviction that the sole purpose of law is to ensure that all parties involved in a conflict get a fair hearing and judgment, particularly in cases involving parties from foreign countries. This aspect does not imply that judges have to use foreign laws in making their judgment but they require putting into consideration the provisions given by such laws to come up with appropriate judgments. With this knowledge in mind, it becomes hard to establish the role of foreign laws in addressing disputes that involve foreign elements. In countries sharing universal laws, the judges can make their judgment based on the local laws. However, a problem arises where countries involved in a crime do not share common laws. In such a case, the attorney has to use the presumption of difference when making his or her judgment. The presumption of difference occurs where an attorney feels that the parties involved in the dispute do not share common laws. Therefore, the attorney has to refer to the laws of the individual countries involved in the crime before making his or her judgment. By comparing the different laws, then the attorney can come up with the most appropriate judgment for the crime. In this methodological debate, the author might stand for presumption of difference. In his debate, the author selects two countries that have very diffe rent laws and jurisdictions. In this context, he manages to show the different laws might lead to conflicts when it comes to making judgments on matters regarding relocation dispute. The presented cases show a significant difference between the relocation laws in England and New Zealand. While most of the participants from England perceived relocation in a positive manner while making their judgment, most of the people in New Zealand perceived it in a negative dimension thus creating the difference in the opinions the different participants gave. George believes that implementation of international laws in addressing relocation disputes would create challenges. He claims that not unless countries agree on the common parameters to use when making the judgments, it would be very hard to come up with judgments that all the involved parties freely accept. This assertion signifies that he might stand for the presumption of difference when it comes to making judgments on matters pertainin g relocation disputes. Evaluation of author’s choice of jurisdictions George makes a good choice of jurisdictions for comparison. His selection of England and New Zealand facilitates in bringing out all the challenges encountered when making judgments against relocation disputes involving foreign elements. Even though attorneys in both England and New Zealand use children’s welfare in making their judgments against relocation problems, there are significant differences in the practitioners’ perception of the matter in the two countries. Most of the European countries share common perceptions. Hence, the researcher would not have managed to show the disparities in solving relocation disputes had he used countries like England and France. By using England and New Zealand, George was able to show how child welfare might pose a major challenge when making judgments on relocation matters. Many people were advocating for the use of child welfare in solving relocation disputes. Nevertheless, they did consider that different attorneys might have different perceptions about the welfare; therefore, posing challenges to solving relocation disputes involving international elements. While England had different laws governing relocation based on the nature of the relocation, New Zealand only have one law, which makes the choice of the two countries most appropriate. In comparing the two countries, George is able to show how lack of flexible laws governing relocation might lead to challenges in addressing the relocation disputes. For instance, England has flexible laws thus making it possible for attorneys in the country to resolve relocation disputes amicably. By offering laws for different forms of relocation, the country makes it possible for the courts to solve the disputes easily. On the other hand, New Zealand has a single system of law that governs relocation issues. Hence, the country treats both local and international relocation equally. Conseq uently, while England focuses on the well-being of the applicant in solving the dispute, New Zealand focuses on enduring and steady family relationships, which make the two legal systems very different thus, the most appropriate to use in studying this issue. Both England and New Zealand are very different geographically. For England, international relocation would mean moving for a few miles to Ireland. On the other hand, in New Zealand, international relocation would mean moving for thousands of miles. The selection of the two countries facilitates in bringing out the inconsistency in judgment that might arise from different countries. The two countries prove that it would be very hard for the different countries to arrive at a mutual interpretation of the needs of the welfare principle on matters to do with relocation. Already countries had started drafting an international document like Washington Declaration to facilitate in solving relocation challenges. However, by comparing England and New Zealand, George has managed to bring out the issue of international coherency on matters to do with welfare. The issue was not considered in the previous declaration and it could have led to challenges later. Prescriptive and descriptive legal scholarship To some extent, this paper embodies descriptive legal scholarship. In a bid to bring out the legal system in both England and New Zealand, George took time to describe the judicial system observed by the two countries. He takes time to describe the different relocation laws used in England as well as the various considerations made by attorneys when passing judgments on matters to do with relocation disputes. Moreover, the help the learners understand how relocations issues are treated in England, George goes further to describe the different forms of relocation practiced in the country. By describing the different approaches used in resolving relocation despites in England, he helps the readers understand the Engla nd’s judicial system and its strengths and weakness in dealing with relocation disputes. George goes further to describe the New Zealand’s judicial system showing the approach used in addressing relocation disputes in the country. He further gives a comparison between the two countries and describes both their similarities and differences. In spite of the article embodying a descriptive legal scholarship, the paper also embodies a prescriptive legal scholarship. The objective of the article was to show how the different judicial systems pose a challenge to the implementation of a universal code that deals with relocation challenges. He uses varied case scenarios to show how the different judicial systems interpret the same incident differently. In concluding, George gives some guidelines on what ought to be done to ensure that countries come up with a common law that deals with disputes that involve international relocation. George warns that for countries to continue drafting international laws that focus on welfare principle, the stakeholders need to take time and determine if there is actually coherency between the states or the different countries still observe their individual standards. George adopts a good approach to compile his article. He starts by bringing out the nature of the current challenge in addressing relocation disputes. He effectively present the jurisdictions of both England and New Zealand therefore helping the reader understand how each system contribute to the existing challenge. His use of two countries that are very different with respect to how they perceive relocation challenges makes it possible for George to show the intense of the existing challenge. The approach helps in making the reader understand the challenges facing the ongoing process of drafting international laws aimed at addressing global relocation disputes. This aspect allows one to see the rationale of his argument that for countries to come up with an international law that addresses international relocation disputes, they have to ensure that there is coherency in welfare principles. Conclusion The main reason for conducting a comparative legal research is to help the law making agents in a country to use foreign laws in establishing laws for their country. Besides, people conduct comparative legal research to have a clear understanding of the laws in different countries. George conducted a comparative legal research to help him understand the differences in the laws that govern relocation issues in England and New Zealand. In his methodological debate, George supported the ‘presumption of difference’. He believed that it is hard for countries to come up with an international law that addresses relocation disputes. Hence, it would be imperative for attorneys to consider the individual laws of the countries involved in a relocation dispute before making their judgment. Gorge made a good choice of his jurisdictions of comparison. The two countries have very different perceptions towards relocation issues. By using countries that differ completely in relocation laws, he managed to bring out the underlying challenges in the attempt to establish international laws for addressing relocation issues. He presented his article in a manner that it embodied both prescriptive and descriptive legal scholarship. George began by describing the relocation policies used by the two countries. He even brought out the differences in the policies. He then terminated the paper by prescribing the measures that need to be taken to ensure that countries do not come up with international laws that will later pose challenges to relocation matters.

Philosophy and Politics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy and Politics - Assignment Example David Thoreau asserts that the best government is one that does not govern at all. His political ideals are somehow different because he believes he should not pay tax equally and detests slavery. He sees this as being unjust to the community who in turn respects the governing rules. Having not enough land makes him feel like he should not pay similar tax on property as that paid by the others. It is in this respect that David Thoreau declined to pay tax and was arrested and imprisoned in July 1846. Although he was supposed to remain in prison until he pays a fine, he still declined the payment of the fine. David Thoreau’s relatives ended up settling the fine without his consent and were released. This had long enduring impacts on the "Civil Disobedience" making his political ideal quite different from those read in the Analects and that of the community who respected and obeyed the unjust laws. The circumstances of David Thoreau’s arrest and his attitude as a civil man exerted a great powerful force on the civil disobedience over time. David Thoreau, a man who only wandered in the woods to record the migration of birds and the growth of plants in his journal in Massachusetts, a small village of Concord, profoundly influenced most political giants such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Mohandas Gandhi. His political realm in "Civil Disobedience" established his whole reputation in the world of politics among the Americans. David Thoreau asserts that he went to the woods due to his wish to have a deliberate life in order to front the essential life facts only and find out if he could not learn what the facts could teach so that he would not discover that he never live when he dies. In his book, he says he never wished to live a life that was not life itself. That drove him to publish his book and his acts of civil disobedience. On the contrary, the chapters in Analects are categorized by individual themes. They are not however arranged to detail in any sort of manner the continuous stream of ideas and/ or thought.

Case study 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study 2 - Assignment Example Dream analysis is indispensible given that dreams are the key towards understanding of the subconscious (Freud, 1953 p.145-9). When one goes to sleep, they get withdrawn from reality and cease to even take the least of interest on it though the extent does not warrant total perception towards the environment hence the subject of dreams. For an individual to proceed into peaceful sleep, factors like negative emotions, forbidden thoughts and unconscious desires must be covered up in any way possible so that their occurrence does not distress the sleeper (Freud, 1953 p. 190-1). According to Freud, a dream is composed of two major parts, the manifest and the latent contents because formation of visual responses to a stimuli is not coincidental. The manifest content is the part of a dream that an individual is able to remember when they wake up. This aspect is termed as symbols by Sigmund since they can result to constant meaning and they are more or less sexual. This part of a dream does not create any meaning whatsoever given that it is a covered aspect of the true thought behind the dream. While the latent part of the dream presents the true meaning of a dream of both the unconscious desires and forbidden thoughts, some parts of the manifest content in most cases corresponds to the latent content most so in ‘infantile dreams’ (Freud, 1953 p. 200-5). This is despite the fact that the manifest aspect in this is disguised and hence appears unrecognizable. This brings us to the forms of distortion, which exists, in the concept of dreams and dreams interpretation. ‘Dream work as the process by which the latent content is interpreted into manifest content can result into a distortion and disguise. Dream work is disguised and distorted as either condensation or displacement; this result into a completely different meaning. Through condensation, two or more latent thoughts are brought together to result into one manifest dream image or situation. Here, the dreamer has the behavior of trying to hide their feelings or urges by way of contracting or minimizing its representation in the forms described. According to Freud (1953), every situation in a dream seems to be put together out of two or more impressions or experiences, which exists in extremes. One need only think about how people and places tend to meld into composite figures in our dreams for such dreams to be complete (Freud, 1953 p. 212-15). Displacement on the other hand works in a manner that it directs he emotions and desires onto a meaningless or unrelated object in a manifest dream instead of directing the same towards the intended object (Freud, 1953 p.145-61). Therefore, some other very different thing symbolizes the desire for a thing. The harmful emotions associated with threatening impulses are displaced so that the trivial elements of a manifest dream do not cause distress. According to Freud, "Displacement is the principle means used in the dream-distortion to which the dream-thoughts must submit under the influence of the censorship" (Freud, 1953 p. 298). These forms of distortion hence become so ingrained in the ID making them posses the quality of rigid symbols and these are similar in all human race. Most of the unclear aspects of dreams become

Discussion board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Discussion board - Assignment Example By so doing, most employees will work towards ensuring that the organization achieves their goals, and they get paid adequately because there will be job satisfaction as the payment plans are equal among all employees. The fair distribution of merit pay and other incentives makes the employees feel appreciated in the organization because the employer does not allow bias when it comes to compensating employees. In addition, the employer may come up with a payment plan where they can invest in the strong workers, to ensure that the poor workers work towards getting to where the strong workers are or have achieved. Additionally, it is a means of cultivating the stronger skills in the country to ensure that this workers stay in the organization and use their skills adequately in the organization. It is important for the organization to come up with a way to gather data to ensure that pay-for –performance is equitable and does not amount to favoring one group. The kind of data that is required include the objectives of every employee in the organization. This is because the employee’s objectives indicate whether the employee has similar goals as those of the organization. Secondly, the organization requires establishing the performance of the employees by conducting performance appraisals to establish, which employees are using their skills for the benefit of the organization. This is because having another perspective from other employees gives the employer an idea of the strengths and weakness of the employee (Heneman, 2002). The other form of data that can be used by the organization to establish pay for performance is to view the employee’s files and establish their commitment to the organization. By so doing, the employee sees the progress of the emp loyees and establishes areas where they should invest in relation to talent. Linking pay to objective criteria would

The story of Reggie Kelsey

The story of Reggie Kelsey Problem Background While reading the true story of Reggie Kelsey it appeared that there were many psychological, biological, and social aspects that lead to his final outcome, death by suicide. This paper will focus on the sociological aspect of what led Reggie to decline in society, was simply that Reggie aged out of foster care. Three and a half months after he aged out of foster care Reggie was found dead in Des Moines River. Foster care, though a temporary placement for youths, until they reach eighteen years old was the one conclusive factor that kept Reggie alive. Foster care, a social agency, was involved in providing social services that were to ultimately prepare Reggie for transition into dependency; these transactions should be viewed as a macro systems problem. Reggie was pushed out into the world without possessing the skills that would have kept him alive because there was a time allotment on how long he could use the services of foster care. Though Reggie had a helping network it was weak, and he lacked several resources that would have kept him from being homeless and from death. Though youths who age out of foster care are seen as regular teens, most of them lack the stability of family, food, and shelter that a normal teenager would have. In stage five of Eriksons psychosocial development, which involves the transition period from childhood to adolescence where they establish their identity; it is clear that Reggies inability to integrate his role into his new environment after aging out, suffered and left him uncertain about his identity. Aging out of foster care when not developmentally ready left Reggie without power, coping skills to adapt, structure, and strict supervision needed for survival, especially for a person with an IQ l evel that considered him to be mentally delayed. Literature Review Imagine one day having a strong, well connected supportive network that kept you living and the next day that system abandons you. According to Atkinson (2008) approximately 20,000 youth age out of and exit foster care each year, and the majority of them face challenges because they have been abandoned by the only support system they know (p. 187). Avery and Freundlich (2009) reported that many youth lack social support, economic resources, and independent living skills which cause them to be less inclined to become successful adults. Avery and Freundlich further noted that foster care support, which provides housing, financial support, and a range of health, education and other needed services, typically ends when youth are developmentally unprepared to assume full adult roles and responsibilities (p. 248). Youth like Reggie Kelsey who age out foster care because of some type of neglect or abuse are more likely to have problems forming positive interpersonal relationships, reduced e ducational attainment, increased delinquent behavior, and engage in high-risk behavior (Atkinson, 2008, p. 183). They simply find it difficult transitioning from one social environment to another, with significant problems impeding their way to becoming successful adults. When aging out of foster care, youth experience challenges such as homelessness, unemployment, and lack a support system. All the challenges from aging out of foster care generated Reggies symptoms that led him to become suicidal. Atkinson (2008) explained that maintaining successful housing presents a significant barrier for youths after emancipation from foster care placing them on an often irreversible path to failure (p. 188). Since Reggie did not have stable housing when he aged out of foster care, he was not under a constant supervision that could have kept him alive. Being homeless is not an ideal situation for any persons, but for adolescents particularly it leads to having identity diffusion, where they suffer from a serious lack of direction and ability to make sound decision. Chronic stress has been found to negatively impact learning, memory, and executive functioning (Avery and Freundlich, 2009, p. 251). Homelessness can also viewed as great stressor and coupled with psychological variables are aspects that lead to suicide in adolescence. Unemployment plagues youths that age out of foster care significantly to where they end up involved in criminal activity, in poverty, or on public assistance. Being unemployed can be a blow to an adolescence ego because they are not able to support themselves they result to criminal activity to take care of themselves, or feel like life is not worth living. Living more independently was the most common living situation for young people who remained in the foster care system after age eighteen years. According to Atkinson (2008) Close to two-thirds of adults in their twenties receives economic support from their parents (Atkinson, 2008, p. 193). In the case of Reggie, he had no support financial support from parents, he was on his own, and with little to no employment skills it would shows that the odds were truly stacked against him. Avery and Freundlich believed independent living is simply not a feasible option for the majority of youth in foster care who lack the social scaffolding of stable family and community networks (p. 253). Reggie may have had a helping network that worked within the social service system but he lacked the connections that a state based system provides. In the absence of a distinct social network for foster youth aging out of care decisively infer unacceptable subsequent foster care outcomes. Youth that age out of foster care already feel sense of powerlessness, and hopelessness, and as they move towards independence they still need a social environment to fall back on; they can not do it all by themselves especially at eighteen. Discussion 1- Ethics Though aging out foster care youths when they are not independently developed violates several NASW codes of ethics, the two that principally led to Reggies demise are sections 1.14 and 1.16. In section 1.14 it states when social workers act on behalf of clients who lack the capacity to make informed decisions, social workers should take reasonable steps to safeguard the interests and rights of those clients. By aging out Reggie, who was mentally disabled, the foster care system took away his basic right to thrive. The process of aging out foster care youths who are unable to make sound decisions without providing extensive care after is unethical. In section 1.16 it categorizes when it is acceptable to terminate services for a client. There is one significant factor that correlates to all youth aging out of foster care, and in this factor, b, it states that social workers should take steps to avoid abandoning services, withdraw only under unusual circumstances, and carefully consider all factors making sure to minimize adverse effects. With this statement it can be visualized that when deciding to age out a youth there is no consideration taken to counteract any of these factors. The fatal determinant that youth face when aged out is that the youth have to face several adverse factors. In Reggies situation there could be minimal responsibility placed on him resulting in his final outcome, but only if someone was trying to advert attention from their unethical mistakes. In section 1.14 vehemently relates to Reggie and sets aside those minimal mistakes, because as a mentally disabled child he relied heavily on the states decisions to safeguard his life. In the end the state aged Reggie out at eighteen which is not unusual; this is not an age that necessarily attest to the fact that a person is ready for all that accompanies adulthood. Discussion 2- Practice A 2007 article in the journal, Child Adolescent Social Work, examines the practice issues for teenagers aging out of foster care (Scannapieco, Connell-Carrick, Painter, 2007). The foster youth stated, foster youth and sub-systems involved with foster youth after they age out discussed three very important practice themes that should be addressed. The first theme was to have a youth focused practice; here foster youth thought the change needed was that they wanted to be involved in the decision-making. They expressed how they thought it was disrespectful to them because they were not asked what they thought they were just told; unlike an adult who has the ultimate say in their own lives. The next theme that youth expressed was a challenge was communication and collaboration. There is a break down in communication when it came to the sub-systems, with missing important information and lack of accurate knowledge about supports and services available. Everyone identified a solution of a need for one individual responsible for facilitating the coordination of planning amongst the sub-systems. The last important theme suggested was the need for more skill building opportunities. The youth focus group felt they were unprepared for independent living and what training they got they were unable to practice them before being aged out. They wanted better understanding of their own health and mental health needs, also advocacy for better educational setting. Recommendations There were many different actions the foster care system could have taken to prevent Reggie Kelseys outcome. The actions that would have helped Reggie even if they still aged him out would have been intense independent living training, strict follow up meetings with caseworker and a monitor, or buddy-system release could have been incorporated. For an adolescent like Reggie with a mild level of mental disability training is important; there needs to be practice of everyday situations so issues that arise are not uncommon to him. This action helps because if he gets into a situation that he has had training he will know the best option, but depending on the situation he could be overpowered or influenced by another component. A second action of follow up meetings and a monitor could have helped because the caseworker could have been in tuned to the needs of Reggie. A weekly schedule, then bi-weekly, then monthly, up until he was stable would have been best. Also the monitor anklet, or bracelet would give the caseworker a constant notation of where Reggie was. This the best plan of action for a person like Reggie even though they may feel like they are on probation it keeps them under strict supervision and needs are easily accessed. The last option of a buddy-system where foster youth are age out in pairs is a good option, each person is has a peer to relate and talk with. This would be helpful though the two are in the same boat and neither is a professional, and one may abandon the other. References Atkinson, M. (2008). Aging out of foster care: Towards a universal safety net for former foster care youth. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 43(1), 183-212. doi: Article. Avery, R. J., Freundlich, M. (2009). Youre all grown up now: Termination of foster care support at age 18. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 247-257. doi: doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.009. Code of Ethics (English and Spanish). (n.d.). . Retrieved November 2, 2009, from http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp. Scannapieco, M., Connell-Carrick, K., Painter, K. (2007). In their own words: challenges facing youth aging out of foster care. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24(5), 423-435. doi: Article.

Imagery In Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

Response to â€Å"Macbeth† 2. How does Shakespeare’s use of imagery and recurring symbols add depth and meaning to the plot and characters in the play? In all of Shakespeare's plays he uses many forms of imagery. Imagery is the art of making images, the products of imagination. In the play 'Macbeth' Shakespeare applies the imagery of clothing, darkness and blood. Each detail is his imagery, seems to contain an important symbol of the play, symbols that the audience must understand if they are to interpret either a passage or the play as a whole. Within the play 'Macbeth' the imagery of clothing portrays that Macbeth is seeking to hide his "disgraceful self" from his eyes and others. Shakespeare wants to keep alive the ironical contrast between the wretched creature that Macbeth really is and the disguises he assumes to conceal the fact. The audience thinks of the play honours as garments to be worn; likewise, Macbeth is constantly represented symbolically as the wearer of robes not belonging to him. In the following passage, the idea constantly recurs that Macbeth's new honours sit ill upon him, like loose and badly fitting garments, which are upon him but he is still surprised that he has gained this new position: "New honours come upon him, Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould, But with the aid of use." (Act I, iii: 144) The second form of imagery used to add to the atmosphere, the imagery of darkness. In a Shakespearean tragedy, the audience have known him to create a special tone, or atmosphere to show the darkness in a tragedy. In 'Macbeth', Shakespeare draws upon the design of the witches, the guilt in Macbeth's soul, and the darkness of the night to establish the atmosphere. All of the remarkable scenes take place at night or in some dark spot; for instance, the vision of the dagger, the murder of Duncan, the murder of Banquo, and Lady Macbeth's sleep walking. Darkness is the time when the traveller hastens to reach safety in his inn, when Banquo rides homeward to meet his assassins; furthermore, it is the time when the wolf howls, the owl screams, and when murder takes forth to his work. In 'Macbeth' darkness symbolizes many things. First, and most importantly, it stands for the evil and death in the play. The darkness could partially blind out all of the horrible things that occur in the night, for only in da... ...s honoured achievement that they congratulate Macduff for. In Macbeth, imagery plays a crucial role in developing the character of MacBeth. The audience sees this through the images of clothing, light and darkness, and blood. Clothing in Macbeth is often compared to Scottish titles, or ranks. Darkness is used to represent evil, and through different types of evil the audience sees Macbeth’s true nature. The murders that Macbeth commits are at night, due to their evil nature. Light, on the contrary, represents good, and shows us the truly brutal nature of Macbeth’s crimes. Blood, the most dominant symbol in the play, shows us the changes in Macbeth’s character, from the start of the play to the end. The viewer sees how the blood drawn by Macbeth changed from noble blood, to corrupt blood. This ultimately, led to his own blood being drawn. Shakespeare makes obvious his marvellous use of imagery, and gives way to feelings that could not have been felt otherwise. Without imagery, this masterpiece may not have been considered so, for we have seen, what a momentous effect it has on the play, as a whole. Remember, a picture tells a thousand words, however, an image might just tell more.

Gang Leader for a Day Essay

In so doing, Venkatesh revealed a complex mix of subculture (the Black Kings were a highly organised gang with a clear hierarchy, recruitment rituals, and socialisation processes) and culture – the gang were embedded in the day-to-day life of the Projects. Although their primary purpose was to make money through selling drugs (mainly crack cocaine), they also performed a range of secondary functions within their territory – from the provision of protection for Project residents from other gangs, through the organisation of social activities (such as Basketball games), to policing the Projects (involving things like the provision of shelter for â€Å"the homeless†.). a. Ethnicity: His South Asian ethnic background allowed him to pass among the overwhelmingly African-American subjects of his study in a way that would have probably been denied to him if he had been white (since the only â€Å"white faces† in the Projects were those of the police – and, with one or two notable exceptions, they rarely ventured into the place except to make arrests and, it is implicitly suggested, extort protection money). Venkatesh’s initial encounter with the Black Kings was one where he was mistaken for a member of a rival (Mexican) gang – his ethnicity was variously considered by the people in the Projects to be â€Å"Mexican, â€Å"Spanish† or the largely-ubiquitous label  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ay-rab†. The fact he was relatively young, casually dressed and a student at the University also gave him credentials accepted by both those in the gang and the Projects generally – something that leads into a second consideration: His ethics, however, are questionable. He started doing research and had not gotten human subjects approval. He deceived his advisor and dissertation committee about the extent that he was embedded into the gang. He saw clearly illegal activities take place and never told anyone, and once or twice did something illegal. Their claims are not only that he was unethical, but that he put people’s lives at risk, that he lied to his main informant, JT, to get into the research site, and the only person who has benefited from the book is Venkatesh. To be fair, Venkatesh did teach a course when asked to, and on occasion he brought food or drink (often alcohol) to parties and such. The tenured radical folks mention approvingly  Mitch Duneier’s Sidewalk (another great book) about homeless people and how he shares his royalties with those whom he interviewed The book’s main focus is on race, as it examines the day-to-day struggles of the virtually all African-American residents in a poor housing project. However, there is much in the book that could be mined for courses in deviance, race⠁„ethnicity, inequality, research methods, sociology of organizations, and to a lesser extent, gender. Issues of class, race and identity also surface, as Venkatesh (the child of middle-class South Asian immigrants) discusses his role as a â€Å"brown man† Southern Californian, and how his experiences shape his academic vantage point. Venkatesh sets up a clearly delineated debate on the qualitative-quantitative divide, coming down squarely on the qualitative side, learning early that the question â€Å"How does it feel to be Black and poor?† is n ot easily answered using a Likert scale. He deftly highlights issues of ethics, identity, race⠁„class⠁„gender dynamics in data collection, the realities of ethnographic work, and the value and use of qualitative versus quantitative methods of collecting data. Gang Leader for a Day throws into sharp relief the thorny issues of conducting ethical research. For instance, Venkatesh struggles with maintaining allegiances with powerful community members, while trying to forge close ties with less powerful residents. Venkatesh gives refreshingly honest, clear examples of his missteps. For instance, he focuses the target of his research on the underground economy of three high-rise buildings within the gang’s territory, and collects detailed information from residents about how much money they make, expenses they incur and so forth. Venkatesh talks with pimps and prostitutes, as well as those who sold food or offered child care in their apartments, styled hair, prepared taxes, offered psychic fortune telling, performed carpentry, fixed cars, collected scrap metal, as well as a host of other off-the-books businesses. Venkatesh provides a vivid, gritty account of life in a notorious Chicago housing project. His book interweaves issues of social class, race, ethnicity, gender, crime, deviance, and the study of organizations. Moreover, his perspective on the discipline is a compelling one; a self-described â€Å"rogue† sociologist,

Operation Of Electrical Equipment In Hazardous Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Based on my research up to day of the month I came to the decision that risky countries is a large subject to cover and after a series of meetings with my supervisor Mr. Jerry Duggan I have decided to concentrate preponderantly on â€Å" Dust Explosion † a subject which has ne'er been covered before by an electrical technology pupil in Cork Institute of Technology. By finishing this undertaking my purpose is that it will function as an educational tool in our progressive environment for me and for future readers. I hope to larn many things from this undertaking that will profit me in the hereafter and in my calling. I intend to analyze all the of import facets of dust detonation, by reexamining bing literature on the topic, hunt of appropriate web sites and by a possible site visit to a chemical works near me.1 Introduction:In Electrical technology, a risky location is defined as a topographic point where concentrations of flammable gases, bluess, or dusts may happen. Electrical equipment that must be installed in such locations is particularly designed and tested to guarantee it does non get down an detonation, due to curving contacts or high surface temperature of equipment. For illustration a family light switch may breathe a little, harmless seeable flicker when shift ; in an ordinary ambiance this discharge is if no concern, but if a flammable vapor was present, the discharge might get down an detonation. Electrical equipment intended for usage in a chemical mill or refinery is designed non to bring forth any flickers, or else to safely incorporate the discharge and do certain it can non light any explosive gases, bluess or dusts that might be present around the equipment. Many schemes exist for safety in electrical installings. The simplest scheme is to minimise the sum of electrical equipment installed in a risky country, either by maintaining the equipment out of the country wholly or by doing the country less risky by procedure betterments or airing with clean air. Intrinsic safety is a pattern where setup is designed with low power degrees and low stored energy, so that a mistake is improbable to put off an detonation. Equipment enclosures can be pressurized with clean air, and interlocked so that the equipment is disconnected if the air supply fails or arc-producing elements of the equipment can be isolated from the environing atmosphere by encapsulation, submergence in oil, sand, or by hardy enclosures that prevent extension of an internal detonation to the environing ambiance. As in most Fieldss of electro engineering, different states have approached the standardisation and testing of equipment for risky countries in different ways. As universe trade becomes more of import in distribution of electrical merchandises, international criterions are easy meeting so that a wider scope of acceptable techniques can be approved by national regulative bureaus. Standards regulating electrical equipment for usage in risky dust countries are altering so quickly that purchasers and users of electrical production equipment are happening it hard to maintain up. However, A by non maintaining abreast of the alterations, they run the hazard of a dust detonation happening in their works due to inadequately protected equipment and/or being prosecuted forA non-compliance or carelessness. The hazard of a dust or pulverization detonation happening in a fabrication works should non be underestimated. Around 2,000 dust detonations occur in Europe every twelvemonth, impacting all types of companies, including makers of sugar, coal, chocolate, flour-based goods, milk pulverization, tea, grain, fresh fish and baccy, every bit good as wood and metal processing companies. Any environment in which dust or pulverization is allowed to garner on hot surfaces or that could be ignited by a flicker from electrical equipment is a possible hazard. The cost, in footings of lives lost and harm to works, as a consequence of a dust detonation can be tremendous.2 Dust Explosion:Definition: Dust detonations occur when all right atoms dispersed in the air as a cloud react with O in the presence of an ignition beginning, bring forthing an detonation concatenation reaction. When this occurs in a changeless volume, there is a rapid and important addition in force per unit area. Prevention steps must be the first line of defense mechanism against such detonations, but in many state of affairss efforts to extinguish ignition beginnings are merely non plenty. Measures for extenuating the harm caused and the dangers posed to workers by eventual detonations are necessary. To assist vouch the safety of silo installings, companies in Europe are required to follow with the ATEX Directives sing explosive ambiances ( [ ATEX 1999/92/EC, 1999 ] and [ ATEX 94/9/EC, 1994 ] ) by put ining protection mechanisms.3 What is a dust detonation?Explosions are defined as sudden reactions affecting a rapid physical or chemical oxidization reaction, or disintegrate bring forthing an addition in temperature or force per unit area, or both at the same time. When the fire velocity is greater than the velocity of sound, we call it a explosion. Otherwise the detonation is known as a deflagration. Typically, dust detonations are comparatively slow burning procedures. If ignition occurs i n a dust cloud in an unfastened country, so small or no overpressure consequences and the primary jeopardy is a bolide. The best manner to acquire informations refering a specific type of dust is to make proving on the existent substance. Most written proficient resources on dust detonations have informations for the minimal explosive concentrations and other belongingss of common pulverizations.4 European Laws:In July 2006 a 2nd ATEX directive became compulsory European Standard EN 14491, 2006 EN 14491 for dust detonation venting protective systems and CEN ( 2006 ) .EN 14491 ( 2006 ) for the discharge of dust detonations came into force in 2006 and depict the basic design demands for dust detonation venting systems. This criterion is one of a series including criterions EN 14797 ( 2006 ) and EN 14460 ( 2006 ) on blowhole industry and detonation immune constructions. Together, these three criterions wholly cover dust detonation venting ordinances in Europe.5 Conditionss for dust det onation:As we all know detonation can merely happen, when three factors come together: 1. Flammable stuff ( in burnable measures ) 2. Oxygen ( in the air ) 3. Ignition beginning Fig.1 An detonation can merely happen, when these three factors come together Once the reaction is ignited, depending on how the exothermal energy is liberated, the consequences can be a controlled burning, fire moving ridge or detonation. All the protection methodological analysiss are seeking to extinguish one or more of the trigon constituents to cut down the hazard of lighting an detonation to an acceptable degree. To obtain an acceptable degree of hazard at least two independent events must be present, each one of low chance, before a possible detonation can happen. There are besides five necessary conditions for dust detonation to happen: a dust has to be combustible the dust is suspended in the air at a high concentration there is an oxidizer ( typically atmospheric O ) the dust is confined there is an ignition beginning Fig.2 Necessary conditions for dust detonation to happen The add-on of the two elements scattering and parturiency to the trigon ( see fig.1 ) creates what is known as the â€Å" detonation Pentagon † ( see fig. 2 ) . An initial primary detonation ( see fig. 3 ) in treating equipment or in an country were fleeting dust has accumulated may agitate free more accrued dust or damage a containment system such as a canal, vas or aggregator. As a consequence, if ignited, the extra dust dispersed into the air may do one or more secondary detonations ( see fig. 3 ) . These can be far more destructive than a primary detonation due to increased measure and concentration of spread combustible dust. Fig. 3 Primary and secondary dust detonations If one of the elements of the detonation Pentagon is losing, a ruinous detonation can non happen. Two of the elements in the detonation Pentagon are hard to extinguish: O ( within air ) , and parturiency of the dust cloud ( within procedures or edifices ) . However, the other three elements of the Pentagon can be controlled to a important extent, and will be discussed farther in this papers.6 Facility Dust Hazard Appraisal:As I have mentioned above a combustible dust detonation jeopardy may be in a assortment of industries, including: nutrient ( e.g. , confect, amylum, flour, provender ) , plastics, wood, gum elastic, furniture, fabrics, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, coal, metals ( e.g. , aluminum, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Zn ) , and fossil fuel power coevals. The huge bulk of natural and man-made organic stuffs, every bit good as some metals, can organize combustible dust. The European`s Industrial Fire Hazards Handbook provinces that â€Å" any industrial procedure that reduces a combustible stuff and some usually non-combustible stuffs to a finely divided province nowadayss a possible for a serious fire or detonation. † 7 Facility Analysis Components: Facilities should carefully place the followers in order to measure their possible for dust detonations: Materials that can be combustible when finely divided ; Procedures which use, consume, or produce combustible dusts ; Open countries where combustible dusts may construct up ; Hidden countries where combustible dusts may roll up ; Meanss by which dust may be dispersed in the air ; and Potential ignition beginnings.8 Beginnings of ignition:There are many beginnings of ignition and a bare fire need non be the lone one, a study shows that half of the dust detonations in Europe were from non-flame beginnings. Beginnings include fire hot surfaces clash curving from machinery or other equipment illuming work stoppages cutting and welding fires mechanical machinery As I mentioned earlier at the start of the study a differentiation is made between primary and secondary dust detonations. When a dust is found in a container, room or system component ignites and explodes we speak of a primary dust detonation. In a secondary dust detonation, dust that has settled on the land or on other surfaces is stirred by the primary detonation and ignites. As a consequence of this a concatenation reaction follows and the force per unit area wave emanating from the secondary dust detonation can stir up farther dust sedimentations and do farther dust detonations.9 Example of Historic Incidents:The undermentioned incident is an incident that marked the universe, in February 2008, a ruinous dust detonation occurred at the Imperial Sugar Refinery in Port Wentworth, USA. The dust detonation killed 13 people and injured many more. The undermentioned images below show the amendss of the refinery after the catastrophe ;10 Measuring the hazard:Identifying risky or non-hazardous countries should be carried out in a systematic manner. Risk appraisal should be used to find if risky countries exist and to so delegate zones to those countries. The appraisal should see such affairs as: the risky belongingss of the unsafe substances involved ; the sum of unsafe substances involved ; the work processes, and their interactions, including any cleansing, fix or care activities that will be carried out ; the temperatures and force per unit areas at which the unsafe substances will be handled ; the containment system and controls provided to forestall liquids, gases, bluess or dusts get awaying into the general ambiance of the workplace ; any explosive ambiance formed within an enclosed works or storage vas ; and, any steps provided to guarantee that any explosive ambiance does non prevail for an drawn-out clip, e.g. airing. Taken together these factors are the get downing point for risky country categorization, and should let for the designation of any zoned countries. The undermentioned paragraphs give farther information on what to see during an appraisal.11 The risky belongingss of unsafe substances:The belongingss of a unsafe substance that need to be known include the boiling point and brassy point of any flammable liquid, and whether any flammable gas or vapor that may be evolved is lighter or heavier than air. For dusts, information on atom size and denseness will be needed, one time it has been shown that a peculiar dust can organize an explosive ambiance. Often, relevant information is contained on a safety informations sheet provided with the merchandise.12 The size of possible releases:Some possible beginnings of release may be so little that there is no demand to stipulate a risky country. This will be the instance if the effect of an ignition following a release is improbable to do danger t o people in the locality. However, in the incorrect fortunes ignition of rather little measures of flammable gas/vapour assorted with air can do danger to anyone in the immediate locality. Where this is the instance, as in a comparatively confined location, from which rapid flight would be hard, country categorization may be needed even where rather little measures of unsafe substance are present. The size of any possible explosive ambiance is, in portion, related to the sum of unsafe substances present. Industry specific codifications have been published by a assortment of organisations to supply counsel on the measures of assorted unsafe substances that should be stored. For illustration,13 Temperatures and force per unit areas:Extra information associating to the procedure that involve the unsafe substances should besides be taken into history, including the temperatures and force per unit areas used in the procedure, as this will act upon the nature and extent of any release, and the extent of any subsequent risky countries. Some substances do non organize explosive ambiances unless they are heated, and some liquids if released under force per unit area will organize a all right mist that can detonate even if there is deficient vapor.14 Ventilation:Ventilation, either natural, or automatically ( e.g. produced by fans ) , can both dilute beginnings of release, and take unsa fe substances from an enclosed country. As a consequence there is a close nexus between the airing at any given location and the categorization and extent of a zone around a possible beginning of release. Well designed airing may forestall the demand for any zoned country, or cut down it so it has a negligible extent.15 Extent of risky countries:The appraisal needs to place countries within a workplace that are connected to topographic points where an explosive ambiance may happen. This will supply information on any countries off from the beginning of the jeopardy to which an explosive ambiance may distribute, for illustration through canals. Such countries should be included in the categorization system for topographic points where explosive ambiances may happen. An attack to measuring this hazard is described in BS EN 60079/10. A technique for forestalling this hazard is described in BS EN 50016, on pressurisation of enclosures or suites incorporating electrical equipment.16 Othe r considerations:When sing the potency for explosive ambiances, it is of import to see all unsafe substances that may be present at the workplace, including waste merchandises, residues, stuffs used for cleansing or care, and any used merely as a fuel. Besides some combinations of unsafe substances may respond together, organizing an ignition beginning, or in combination may organize an explosive ambiance, where singly this does non happen. Some perennial activities such as refuelling autos, or lading and droping oilers intended for usage on the public roads, involve the debut of possible beginnings of ignition into an country where a spill is possible, and which would run into the description of a risky country. In these fortunes, safety can be achieved by insulating power beginnings ( e.g. turning off engines, etc ) while a transportation is taking topographic point, and doing suited cheques before and after a transportation, before traveling a vehicle into or out of a risky country. Activities, such as care, may incur hazards non covered by the normal country categorization of the country where the activity is taking topographic point, for case the debut of beginnings of ignition into a risky country. Sometimes the unsafe substance can be removed before the care work activity starts. Sometimes, particular control steps can be taken to forestall the release of any unsafe substance during the work. In such instances the extra hazards associated with the activity should be assessed before work starts.17 Relationship between fires and detonations:In many instances where an explosive ambiance can organize, any ignition will do a fire instead than an detonation. Both fire and detonation cause dangers to workers, and in many instances the safeguards required to forestall an ignition are the same. The overall bundle of safeguards required will depend on the possible effects of a fire or detonation. Many factors influence the hazards from a fire affecting unsafe substances. In peculiar, employers should see whether a fire could take to an detonation, how fast a fire might turn, what other stuffs might be quickly involved, any dangers from fume and toxic gases given off, and whether those in the locality would be able to get away.18 Classifying risky countries into zones:Once an country has been identified as risky it should be classified into zones based on the frequence and continuity of the potentially explosive ambiance. This so determines the controls needed on possible beginnings of ignition that may be present or happen in that country. These controls apply peculiarly to the choice of fixed equipment that can make an ignition hazard ; but the same rules may be extended to command the usage of nomadic equipment and other beginnings of ignition that may be introduced into the country ( for illustration, lucifers and igniters ) and the hazards from electrostatic discharges. An international criterion, BS EN 60079/10, explains the basic rules of country categorization for gases and bluess, and its equivalent for dusts was published in 2002 as BS EN 61241/3. These criterions form a suited footing for measuring the extent and type of zone, and can be used as a usher to following with the demands in DSEAR. However, they can non give the extent and type of zone in any peculiar instance, as site-specific factors should ever be taken into history. Industry specific codifications have besides been published by assorted administrations and, provided they are applied suitably, they are valuable in promoting a consistent reading of the demands. Area categorization surveies normally take the signifier of drawings placing the risky countries and zones. Additional text gives information about the unsafe substances that will be present, the work activities that have been considered, and other premises made by the survey. Whenever such drawings and paperss have been produced, they should be included in the hazard appraisal record required by DSEAR. These paperss should be considered whenever new equipment is to be introduced into a zoned country. Hazardous topographic points are classified in footings of zones on the footing of the frequence and continuance of the happening of an explosive ambiance.Gass, bluess and mistsFor gases, bluess and mists the zone categorizations are: Zone 0 – can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance dwelling of a mixture with air of unsafe substances in the signifier of gas, vapor or mist is present continuously or for long periods or often. Zone 1 – can be described as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance dwelling of a mixture with air of unsafe substances in the signifier of gas, vapor or mist is likely to happen in normal operation on occasion. Zone 2 – can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance dwelling of a mixture with air of unsafe substances in the signifier of gas, vapor or mist is non likely to happen in normal operation but, if it does happen, will prevail for a short period merely.DustsFor dusts the zone categorizations are: Zone 20 – can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance in the signifier of a cloud of combustible dust in air is present continuously, or for long periods or often. Zone 21- can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance in the signifier of a cloud of combustible dust in air is likely to happen in normal operation on occasion. Zone 22 -can be describes as a topographic point in which an explosive ambiance in the signifier of a cloud of combustible dust in air is non likely to happen in normal operation but, if it does happen, will prevail for a short period merely.19 Equipment in risky countries:Particular safeguards need to be taken in risky countries to forestall equipment from being a beginning of ignition. In state of affairss where an explosive ambiance has a high likeliness of happening, trust is placed on utilizing equipment with a low chance of making a beginning of ignition. Where the likeliness of an explosive ambiance happening is reduced, equipment constructed to a less strict criterion may be used. Equipment is categorised ( 1, 2 or 3 ) depending on the degree of zone where it is intended to be used. A figure of ways of building equipment to forestall ignition hazards have been published as consonant European Standards, and in some instances, extra demands are set out in the Standards associat ing to installing and usage. The risky country zone categorization and corresponding equipment classs are: Zone 0 or zone 20 – class 1 equipment Zone 1 or zone 21 – class 2 equipment Zone 2 or zone 22 – class 3 equipment20 Marking of equipment:A standardized marker strategy is applied to place equipment suited for a specific location. Equipment built will transport the detonation protection symbol â€Å" Ex † in a hexagon, the equipment class figure ( 1, 2, or 3 ) , the missive G and/or D depending on whether it is intended for usage in gas or dust ambiances, and other indispensable safety information. In many instances this will include a temperature evaluation expressed as a â€Å" T † marker, and sometimes a gas group. These indicate restrictions to safe usage. Employers and those installing equipment should see the marker and certification provided with â€Å" Ex † equipment when it is being installed. All ATEX equipment will be required to transport three Markss. The CE grade The ATEX grade The Certification Code Additionally, it must be marked decipherably with the following minimal specifics: Name and reference of maker Appellation of series/type/model Consecutive figure Year of industryThe CE Mark:All ATEX equipment must transport CE grade ; the minimal tallness is 5mm. The CE grade confirms conformity with all the comparative Directives.The ATEX Mark:The ATEX grade ( EU Explosive Atmosphere symbol ) is a bluish hexagon incorporating the conventionalized letters ExThe Certification Code:All equipment points are required to transport the Certification Code as portion of their designation label.Log Table:Date 9/11/2009 I met up Mr. Jerry Duggan and discussed the importance of this undertaking and what country of jeopardies am I interested in to cover my undertaking. Date 11/11/2009 In my ain clip I got to seek the webs and happen out what is a dust detonation and what universe and European Torahs are out at that place to forestall these detonation from go oning and if they do go on due to unknown fortunes, how to carry on an detonation appraisal. Date 14/11/2009 I did some book research and reading from what was available in the library and what Mr. Jerry Duggan gave me and go really familiar with the factors that can take to an detonation. The book entitled â€Å" Electrical Apparatus and Hazardous Areas † became really ready to hand to understand the different zones for gas and blues, and dust jeopardies. Date 17/11/2009 After farther research in jeopardies I have decided to concentrate merely on one country preponderantly â€Å" dust detonation † . The meeting helped me understand how to near this country, which non many people know excessively much about. Date 19/11/2009 While making some internet research I came across a papers saying that half of the dust detonations go oning in Europe were from non-flammable beginnings. The beginnings that could take to an ignition were stated and an incident illustration was given. Date 21/11/2009 As a consequence of including an illustration of dust detonation that took topographic point in the USA, I wanted to show a hazard appraisal in order to find if risky countries exist in an enclosed country and so to delegate zones to those countries. Date 23/11/2009 I showed Mr. Jerry Duggan my up to day of the month research on dust detonation and advised me to seek and acquire a site visit which will profit me better on my stage research and the completion of the study. Date 24/11/2009 On this twenty-four hours I researched how would ventilation either of course or automatically ( produced by fans ) can both seek and extinguish beginnings of release and most of import take the unsafe substances from an enclosed country. Date 27/11/2009 Leaving unprecedented work unfinished from the day of the month of 14/11/2009 I wanted to lucubrate more on the designation of a hazard topographic point and the categorization into zones. Research had to be done to happen a definition on the zones categorization for dust. Date 30/11/2009 After farther desk research I met up once more and discussed the layout of my concluding twelvemonth presentation and a day of the month was set on the 10/12/2009 along with my assessor.Table of figures:The undermentioned figures are listed below as they appear in the study: Figure 1: An detonation can merely happen, when one of this factors come together Figure 2: Necessary conditions for dust detonation to happen Figure 3: Primary and secondary dust detonationsBooks:Electrical Apparatus and Hazardous Areas/Fifth Edition by Robin Garside Electrical Installation in Hazardous Areas by Alan McMillan Introduction to Intrinsic SafetyLinks & A ; Mentions:HBIRDPRO- # 692251-HOT Work HBIRDPRO- # 570000-Safety Signs HBIRDPRO- # 562514-Welding Thymine: TemplatesOH & A ; S – Occupational Health & A ; SafetyPTW Hot Work Control Guide.dot Thymine: TemplatesOH & A ; S – Occupational Health & A ; SafetyATW Hot Work Control Guide.dot OH & A ; S – Occupational Health & A ; SafetyHazardous Area Check Sheet Equipment In Combustibles Dust Areas www.encoderonline.com/UK/Data-Sheets/Incremental/Data-14.htmDocuments:Corporate Standard Hazardous Areas Handbook for risky country solution No. 14 – AB – Iraqi national congress A cosmopolitan attack for hazardous-area categorizations A usher to European ( EEC ) enfranchisement for electrical equipment in risky countries DOE Handbook Electrical Safety 1998Web sites:www.rowanhouse.co.uk www.stackmasula.com.au www.intrinsicallysafe.com www.stahl.de

Battle Royal Essays

Battle Royal Essays Battle Royal Essay Battle Royal Essay â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison is the story about young African-American man who has to prove himself in White dominant society 1920s. Battle royal is one of the main symbols that show hardship the narrator had to go through to deliver his speech and that white people are in control. His fight goes beyond the character and represents the struggles of all African-American people in pursuit of equal treatment. Battle royal shows control White people have over African-Americans. Narrator came to give a speech but first he was ordered to participate in the fight with his fellow classmates. Even though the narrator has some â€Å"misgivings over the battle royal† (279), he doesn’t protest. â€Å"There was nothing to do but what we were told† (280). Blacks are free people by law, still they continue to receive enslavementary treatment. White men are in control of everything African-Americans desire: equality, money, jobs. â€Å"Everybody fought everybody else. No group fought together for long†(281). The same way African-Americans didn’t cooperate with each other to fight against White power. They were competing against each other, seeking Whites loyalty. They hoped that the best servers would get excess to money and status. Blindfold added confusion and anxiety to the fight. â€Å"I could no longer control my emotions. I had no dignity. I stumbled about like a baby or a drunken man† (281). Boys can’t predict from what side they will get hit. They can’t coordinate their actions because they don’t have the knowledge of their surroundings. African-Americans were seeking equality but many of them were blindfolded also: they didn’t know who to fight or how. During the fight, narrators blindfold becomes loose. He gains the knowledge of the surroundings and can better control his actions. It gives him advantage to other boys. The same happens when he receives the scholarship. Education was available mainly to white people. It puts narrator one step closer to their level. It gives him hope that one day he can be equal. Battle Royal shows control white people had over Black people and the struggles of African-Americans in their pursuit of equality. Scholarship gives the narrator, who is representative of African-American society, hope that one day he can become equal to white man.

Critical Thinking Essay #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking #2 - Essay Example Although the industry does not own provide a very huge share of the nation’s national product, it is greatly contributes to the budget of the government, and besides, it is the factor behind the huge economic growth of Iran (Karl, 1997). The export of oil is the main source of direct revenue for the Middle East nations governments taking into account their lands are desert. Moreover, it also provides indirect revenue through the taxes that are levied on imports as well as several other activities that are financed by the money from oil and besides, foreign exchange be also earned. All these are beneficial as they maintain other sectors within the economy of the Middle East countries (Karl, 1997). In addition, agriculture is also dependent on imports that are financed by oil; hence, Middle East nations’ food supply is alleged to rely on imports. However, food supply also depends on the annual rainfall as well as several other conditions. Despite the number of benefits brought about by oil, in Iran, for instance, the nationals of the country have lived to be haunted by its discovery. Thus, the presence of oil reserves in the Middle East affects the states economically, politically, as well as socio-culturally but the sector, which is highly affected, is the nations’ political economy. Insecurity is also brought about by the presence of oil; similarly, oil has made Middle East to be vulnerable to interferences from the foreign nations, leading to the damage of the historical development of the nations in Middle East (Henry & Springborg, 2001). Monetary resources within the region have greatly been increased by the discovery of oil in the nation. Because the region is endowed with numerous resources, the problem of allocating the fund also comes up. Foreign Super-powers always intervened in Middle East nations that have too much oil and tend to manipulate their governments. Moreover, international oil firms always aim exploit oil